| Case | Function | Example in Greek | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Subject of the sentence | Ὁ φίλος ἔρχεται. | The friend is coming. |
| Genitive | Possession, origin, or partitive sense | Τοῦ φίλου τὸ βιβλίον. | The friend's book. |
| Dative | Indirect object, location, or means | Δίδωμι τῷ φίλῳ. | I give to the friend. |
| Accusative | Direct object or movement | Βλέπω τὸν φίλον. | I see the friend. |
| Vocative | Direct address | Ὦ φίλε! | O friend! |
| Word | Gender | Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ἄνθρωπ- | Masculine | Nominative | ἄνθρωπος | ἄνθρωποι |
| Genitive | ἀνθρώπου | ἀνθρώπων | ||
| Dative | ἀνθρώπῳ | ἀνθρώποις | ||
| Vocative | ἄνθρωπε | ἄνθρωποι | ||
| Accusative | ἄνθρωπον | ἀνθρώπους | ||
| θάλασσ- | Feminine | Nominative | θάλασσa | θάλασσες |
| Genitive | θαλάσσης | θαλασσῶν | ||
| Dative | θαλάσσῃ | θαλάσσαις | ||
| Vocative | θάλασσa | θάλασσες | ||
| Accusative | θάλασσαν | θάλασσας |
| Gender | Case | Singular (Article, Ending) | Plural (Article, Ending) | English Equivalent | Example (Masc: λόγος, Fem: δόξα, Neut: δῶρον) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Nominative | ὁ, -ός | οἱ, -οί | "the" (subject) | ὁ λόγος / οἱ λόγοι |
| Genitive | τοῦ, -οῦ | τῶν, -ῶν | "of the" | τοῦ λόγου / τῶν λόγων | |
| Dative | τῷ, -ῷ | τοῖς, -οῖς | "to/for the" | τῷ λόγῳ / τοῖς λόγοις | |
| Accusative | τόν, -όν | τούς, -ούς | "the" (object) | τόν λόγον / τούς λόγους | |
| Vocative | (same as nom.), -έ | (same as nom.), -οί | "O!" (addressing) | ὦ λόγε / ὦ λόγοι | |
| Feminine | Nominative | ἡ, -ά | αἱ, -αί | "the" (subject) | ἡ δόξα / αἱ δόξαι |
| Genitive | τῆς, -ῆς | τῶν, -ῶν | "of the" | τῆς δόξης / τῶν δόξων | |
| Dative | τῇ, -ῇ | ταῖς, -αῖς | "to/for the" | τῇ δόξῃ / ταῖς δόξαις | |
| Accusative | τήν, -άν | τάς, -άς | "the" (object) | τήν δόξαν / τάς δόξας | |
| Vocative | (same as nom.), -ά | (same as nom.), -αί | "O!" (addressing) | ὦ δόξα / ὦ δόξαι | |
| Neuter | Nominative | τό, -όν | τά, -ά | "the" | τό δῶρον / τά δῶρα |
| Genitive | τοῦ, -οῦ | τῶν, -ῶν | "of the" | τοῦ δώρου / τῶν δώρων | |
| Dative | τῷ, -ῷ | τοῖς, -οῖς | "to/for the" | τῷ δώρῳ / τοῖς δώροις | |
| Accusative | τό, -όν | τά, -ά | "the" | τό δῶρον / τά δῶρα | |
| Vocative | (same as nom.), -όν | (same as nom.), -ά | "O!" | ὦ δῶρον / ὦ δῶρα |
| Diphthong | Pronunciation (IPA) | Example Words | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| αι | ai | αἰών (aion, "age") | Like the "i" in "kite." |
| ει | ei | εἶδος (eidos, "form") | Like the "ei" in "rein" or the "ay" in "say." |
| οι | oi | οἶκος (oikos, "house") | Like the "oy" in "boy." |
| υι | yi | υἱός (huios, "son") | Like "ee" in "see" with a "y" sound at the beginning. |
| αυ | au, af, av | αὐτός (avtos, "he/she/it") | The "ow" in "how.". The "af" in "after." |
| ευ | eu | εὐτυχία (eutychia, "happiness") | Like "eu" in "feud" or "ew" in "few." |
| ηυ | eu | ηὐτός (eutos, "he/she/it") | Like "eu" in "feud," but slightly softer. |
| ου | ou | οὐρανός (ouranos, "sky") | Like the "oo" in "food." |
| ωι | oi | ὠΐδιον (oidion, "little song") | Like the "oy" in "boy," but with a longer duration. |
| υω | wo | δύσκολος (dyskolos, "difficult") | Like the "wo" in "wonder." |